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Re: Fwd: this has been your time to shine!!

2011-12-06T01:16:00.001-08:00

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2011-11-14T15:35:00.001-08:00

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Re:cg

2011-10-15T23:38:00.001-07:00

Vashan wycliffist http://www.bignifty.com/js/prototype/2xmy.php?rdavisnotarysesss

2011-10-10T15:26:00.001-07:00

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Uang Gratis di Internet Investasi BCA

2011-09-05T18:53:00.001-07:00

Program investasiBCA.com adalah sebuah program investasi online sekaligus jasa pemasangan iklan dengan biaya pendaftaran sebesar Rp. 10.000,- (sepuluh ribu rupiah) sangat terjangkau bagi semua kalangan masyarakat.

Program ini ditujukan bagi siapa saja yang saat ini membutuhkan bantuan dana untuk keperluan yang positif seperti :

Investasi membuka / mengembangkan usaha
Sarana pasang iklan yang sangat murah

Sarana memperluas jaringan bisnis

Sarana menambah relasi / sahabat

Penghasilan pasif income yang tak terbatas

Program ini juga sangat cocok bagi anda pebisnis yang mencari sarana promosi dengan biaya yang sangat murah dan berpeluang tampil ratusan hingga ribuan kali. Trafict website investasiBCA.com ribuan pengunjung per hari dengan 9 ribu lebih jumlah member yang aktif. Contoh iklan bisa anda lihat di menu "Iklan Member"

Dalam program ini tersedia dana dengan jumlah tak terbatas yang berasal dari ribuan sumber sehingga memungkinan bagi siapa saja untuk mendaftar dan berpeluang mendapatkan penghasilan tambahan dari internet hanya dengan modal 10 ribu rupiah.

Dapatkan Penghasilan Dari Internet Hanya Dengan Modal :

10 RIBU RUPIAH

BUKTI PEMBAYARAN KOMISI MEMBER

KLIK DI SINI

Beasiswa Postgraduate Research Scholarship Australia

2011-07-05T02:26:00.001-07:00

Postgraduate Research Scholarship Australia

Scholarships will be awarded on academic merit and research capacity to suitably
qualified overseas graduates eligible to commence a higher degree by research in
2012.

Further details: Please visit International Postgraduate Research Scholarship, Curtin University, Australia

Master in Tourism Destination Management Scholarship

The UNWTO.Themis Foundation and the Euro-Arab Institute Foundation will be
granting 17 scholarships (2 full grants and 15 partial (50%) grants) for this
Master course that will commence on 10 October 2011

Further details: Please visit Master
Scholarships in Tourism Destination Management, Madrid, Spain

Best Regards,

Suman
Research Grants ~ PhD, Postdoc Master Scholarships
Download Ebooks ~ Free Pdf Ebooks

Uang Gratis PTC Pendapatan Dari Internet

2011-06-30T20:18:00.001-07:00

Pada IDR-Clickit, anda dibayar hanya dengan mem-browsing iklan dari sponsor kami.

Caranya mudah! Anda hanya perlu mengklik link dan melihat website beberapa detik untuk mendapatkan uang.

Anda tidak memerlukan keahlian khusus apapun, karena anda hanya perlu mengunjungi situs-situs yang kami sediakan. Anda bisa mendapat lebih dengan cara me-refer teman-teman anda.

Request pembayaran sekurang²nya Rp. 20.000 dapat dilakukan setiap harinya dan diproses melalui BCA, MANDIRI, BNI & PayPal.

Keuntungan yang anda dapatkan sebagai member:

Penghasilan sampai dengan Rp. 100 per klik

Penghasilan sampai dengan Rp. 50 per referal klik

Catatan statistik mendetail dan lengkap dari klik yang telah anda lakukan, pendapatan, dan bahkan aktivitas dan jumlah klik yang referal anda lakukan direkam secara lengkap.

UNTUK PENDAFTARAN KLIK

http://www.idr-clickit.com/register.php/bayarsekarang.html

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Lowongan Kerja [Vacancy] Accounting Staff for Jakarta, Semarang, & Bali

2011-06-27T23:42:00.001-07:00

*JOB VACANCY***

*TOTAL SYSTEM®* business development partner, urgently require a candidate
for the position:

*Accounting Staff* (Code: ACT)

Qualification :

- Male/ Female, 23-30 years old
- Minimum Bachelor degree in Accounting
- Having minimum 1 years experience as Accounting.
- Computer literate (MYOB)
- Placement in Jakarta, Bali & Semarang

Send your CV and detailed resume to:

TOTAL SYSTEM®
Jl. K.H. Hasyim Ashari No. 1-J

Jakarta 10130

or email to:
totalsystem. jkt@totalgroup. sg and totalgroup.recruit@ gmail.com

Lowongan Kerja PT. Ceria Abadi Utama

2011-06-27T23:35:00.000-07:00

PT. Ceria Abadi Utama, is a Engineering Design and Technical Service Company
for oil and gas. We have rewarded ISO 9001 ; 2008 .

Our Client is a major partner in Indonesia's economy and an active member of
the community with subsidiaries that conduct business worldwide.

We Urgently required for qualified experienced people with strong
interpersonal skill with adventurous and high-spirit capability to fill
recruitment as follows

1. Pre-Operations Pre-Commissioning specialist ( 2 person)

. 15-20 Years Working Experience in upstream and subsea operations
(preferably in a leadership or Supervisory role) our of which 5 years was in
upstream major capital project above USD 1 Billion (Preferable deepwater).

. Bachelor degree in Engineering/ science preferred.

. Proven work experience as a project operations representative.

2. Sr. Construction Engineer

. Bachelor/Master Degree in Engineering (Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical)

. Technical proficiency related to education background.

. Preferably min 15 years exp in Oil, Gas and Geothermal,
international Exp.

. Good Supervisions, Teamwork and High initiative communication
skills

. Computer literacy

. Understand and proficient in Engineering standard applied to O&G
industries

. Willing to be travel and positioned in the field within
fabrication/ construction phase

. Has prudent HSE awareness particularly for design Standard and
Construction safely Plan and Procedure.

3. Sr. Power Engineer

. Bachelor/Master Degree in Electrical Engineer-Master' s degree
would be an advantage

. Min 15 years in relevant exp, specially in oil, gas, petrochemical
industries considerable working exp including operation and maintained in
offshore and onshore and also involve in major capitol project

. A through knowledge and the current and new legislation and
standard

. IEEE, ANSI/NEMAUL, API and client code and standard, NHSNE
regulation

. Considerable exp in the practical application of main component of
electrical system, electrical equipment for us in hazard area/electrical
protection/power system analysis/power management

. Exp with MV&LV design and interlinks, power gain generation
facilities including gas turbine generator, diesel engine generator, PMS and
control, MV&LV switch gear MCC include ECS system, UPS and DC charging
system NICAD application, lightning grounding system.

. Scope definition, estimation and progress control of the
electrical engineering activity.

. Exp in E-HAZOP review

. Good team work and communication skills and high initiative.

4. Commissioning Coordinator

. Proven exp between 15 - 20 years in the planning and execution of
commissioning for large offshore facilities, and ability to seek out and
leverage lesson learn from recent field start up to compliment own exp

. Ability to develop work planned in collaboration with several
functional group to ensure that a fully integrated in approach to
commissioning is adopted strong planning capability

. Knowledge of subsea facility and the commissioning inter face with
top side facility.

. As a min educational requirement, bachelor degree in engineer and
science.

5. Sr. Contract Specialist 1

. Bachelor degree in chemical, Mechanical, Civil, Electrical
engineering- or its equivalent.

. Min 20 Years exp out of which 10 years in managing/administra ting
contract of major capital projects (Of the order USD 500 Million) offshore
oil & gas processing facilities, Preferably in FPU FEED and EPC Contracts of
deepwater projects

. Capable of managing all aspects of contracting functions for
complex major capital projects

. Broad Knowledge of external contracting best practice and trends

. Record of troubleshooting and resolutions of unique and complex
problems

. Good presentation and communication skills

. Significant exp in developing bid list, pre-qualifying Bidders,
drafting bid and contract document for major high value, complex
international service/contracts

. Exp with major claims & dispute resolution - including mediation
and arbitration

6. Maintenance Specialist

. Bachelor degree in Engineering/ Science (Chemical & Mechanical
Engineering Preferred)

. Min 10 years relevant exp out of which 5 years in capital projects
(above USD 1 billion) of Upstream oil & Gas processing Facilities,
preferably in deepwater projects

. Preferably has worked previously as maintenance specialist on
Upstream Capital projects

. Working exp on previous Chevron project is not a mandatory
requirement but will be advantage

Please be submitted CV before June 30th 2011 to : "PT.Ceria Utama Abadi"

ceria_hrd@cbn. net.id

Attn : Rimma

LINDA

PT CERIA ABADI UTAMA

Engineering & Design and Technical Service

ph (+62-21) 5708381, 5720343

Lowongan Kerja PT. Bidar Timur

2011-06-27T23:32:00.000-07:00

Our client is searching rotating equipment engineer & reliability & inspection engineer having experience in petrochemical or refining industry.

Senior Rotating Equipment Engineer

Duties and Responsibilities:

1. Provide technical support related to QC/QA for stationary rotating equipment on maintenance, operations and project activitiess.
Defines design requirements consistent with Sipchem Engineering Standards.
2. Identifies rotating equipment bad actors and develops permanent solutions.
3. Leads root cause analysis on the various equipment failures and develops permanent solutions.
4. Leads trouble shooting efforts for rotating equipment related issues.
5. Optimizes predictive preventive maintenance program for rotating equipment.
6. Reviews commissioning procedures for compressors and pumps.
Witnessing of pre-commissioning and commissioning activities.

Qualifications:

1. BS Degree in Mechanical Engineering.
2. Minimum 108 years of experience as rotating engineer in the petrochemical, refining industry.
3. Vibration analysis certification Category III (ISO 18436) is a plus.
4. Master degree is a plus.
5. Good PC/Computer skills.
6. Good command of English language.
7. Advance level on "Champion for change"
8. Advance level on impact and influence.

RELIABILITY AND INSPECTION ENGINEER

MAJOR DUTIES / RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Ensure mechanical reliability of a new grass-roots petrochemical plant using state-of-the- art methods for predictive and preventive maintenance.
2. Oversight of all corrosion and metallurgical related issues with regard to static equipment.
3. Reviewing of equipment inspection reports (i.e. vessels, pipework, etc.) and make recommendations and repair procedures and improvements, as needed.
4. Develop reliability program for inspection and maintenance of all static equipment in a world-scale petrochemical plant.
5. Inspect, record and report findings for static equipment, rotating equipment, welding and refractory.
6. Assist in developing and implementing ongoing measures to identify and mitigate corrosion of vessel, pipework, pipelines and structural systems.

QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE:

1. B. S. Degree in Mechanical Engineering
2. 10+ years experience in reliability and non-destructive testing in chemicals and manufacturing.
3. Certified Welding Inspector
4. Good communication skills, Fluent in English.
5. Ability to work well in a team environment.

OTHER REQUIREMENTS:

1. Experience in SAP is a strong plus.
2. Experience in ISO 9000 / TQM.
3. Inspection and quality control experience in plant construction is a plus.
4. Experience QA/QC and NDT for refractory installation is a plus.
5. Experience working in the Middle East is a plus.

Submit your CV to cv@bidartimur. co.id.

For more job opening : http://bidartimur. co.id/index. php?option= com_content& view=article& id=50&Itemid= 62

PT. Bidar Timur
Jl. Budi No 20 Cawang Dewi Sartika Jakarta 13630
www.bidartimur. co.id

Lowongan Kerja PT. MAKMUR SEJAHTERA WISESA

2011-06-27T23:28:00.001-07:00

PT. MAKMUR SEJAHTERA WISESA
A Subsidiary of PT Adaro Energy Tbk

The company is building a 2 x 30 MW coal-fired CFB power plant at Tanjung,
Kalimantan Selatan and plans to commission the plant in the second quarter of
2011. We invite suitable candidates with positive attitude and team spirit; who
possess relevant experience and qualifications to fill up the following
positions in the power plant.

1.       Shift Supervisors (code: SS)

QUALIFICATION:
1. Min Diploma in Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical)
2. 5 years experience insimilar position in Power or Process Industry
3. Preference for those who possessSIO (Surat Ijin Operasi) Boiler, Grade
1/Grade 2
4. Sound knowledge of power plant operations, work safety system and ability
to troubleshoot process problem
5. Computer literate with experience in DCS
6. Have good oral and written English communication skills

2.       Unit Operators (code: UO)

QUALIFICATION:
1. Min Diploma in Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical)
2. 1 year experience in similar position in Power or Process Industry
3. Have knowledge of power plant operation
4. Computer literate with experience in DCS
5. Have good oral and written English communication skills

3.       Field Operators (code: FO)

QUALIFICATION:

1.       Min Diploma in Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical)
2.       Have experience in similar position in Power or Process Industry
3.       Computer literate
4.       Able to read English manual

4.       Senior Mechanical Engineer (code: SME)

QUALIFICATION:
1.       Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering
2.       Min 7 years experience in similar position Power or Process Industry
3.       Have sound knowledge in the maintenance of boilers, steam turbines,
rotating and conveyors equipment

4.       Computer literate
5.       Have good oral and written English communication skills

5.       Mechanical Engineers (code: ME)

QUALIFICATION:
1.       Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering
2.       3 years experience in similar position in Power or Process Industry
3.       Preference for those with experience in maintenance of steam turbine,
belt conveyor system, and rotating equipment
4.       Computer Literate
5.       Have good oral and written English communication skills

6.   Instrument & Control Engineer (code: IC)

QUALIFICATION:
1.       Bachelor Degree in Engineering Physics or related engineering
disciplines
2.       3 years experience in similar position in Power Plant or Process
Industry

3.       Good knowledge in the maintenance of control systems, PLC, DCS, SCADA,
analysers and field instruments
4.       Preference for those with experience in DCS/PLC programming
5.       Good knowledge of IT
6.       Have good oral and written English communication skills



7.   Technicians – I&C (code: TIC)
QUALIFICATION:
1. Min Diploma in Engineering
2.       3 years experience in the similar position in Power Plant industry or
Process Industry.
3.       Good knowledge in the maintenance of control system, PLC, DCS, SCADA,
analysers & field instruments
4.       Understand English manual

8.   Contract & Procurement Staff (code: CPS)

QUALIFICATION:

1.       Min Diploma in Business Administration/ Management and related study
2.       3 years experience in similar position in power plant or process
industry
3.       Computer Literate
4.       Have good oral and written English communication skills

9.   Accounting Staff (code: ACC)

QUALIFICATION:
1.       Min Diploma in Accounting / Financial Management
2.       Experience in accounts management
3.       Preference to those with experience with Axapta software
4.       Computer Literate
5.       Have good oral and written English communication skills

Please send your cv, photograph and expected salary to

Human Resource Department
PT. Makmur Sejahtera Wisesa
Graha Irama lt. 6
Jl. HR Rasuna Said Blok X1 Kav. 1-2
Jakarta

Atau email ke:

hr@ptmsw.com

Lowongan Kerja PT. Equity Life Indonesia

2011-06-27T23:22:00.001-07:00

PT. Equity Life Indonesia as one of a growing insurance company legal staff need to be placed in the Legal Department with the job descriptions include:

1. Reviewing the administration of agreements and legal documentation.

2. Doing licensing management company.

   The qualifications required:

1. Men Bachelor of Law (Civil Law takes precedence), a maximum of 30 years, unmarried.
2. S1 preferably from universities such as University of Indonesia, Padjadjaran University, Unbraw, Airlangga University, USU, Trisakti, Atmajaya, Untar.
3. Has a maximum of 2 years work experience. Fresh graduates can apply.
4. Is imperative to master the application of MS. Office. More value when it can speak English.
5. Willing to work outside the city

When you meet the above qualifications, please send CV, transcripts and images in Word format / PDF to david.franico @ equity.co. id with a capacity of not more than 500 KB.

Lowongan Kerja Job Vacancy 2 at Potato Head Beach Club Seminyak - Bali

2011-06-27T23:17:00.001-07:00

Dear Colleague,

Potato Head Beach Club, located in Jl.
Raya Petitenget, Seminyak - Bali. Urgently looking for qualified professionals
for the following position :

1. Kitchen Admin
2. Restaurant Waiter / Waitress
3. Restaurant Host / Hostess
4. Receptionist
5. Guest Relation Officer

General Qualifications :
a. Male or Female.
b. Single is preferable.
c. Must have working experience.
d. Residing or domiciled in Bali.
e. Can joint immediately.

Please send application, CV and photo to
:
Potato Head Beach Club
Human Resources Department
Jl. Raya Petitenget
Seminyak -
Bali
Phone 0361 73 79 79
Fax 0361 300 79 72
E-mail : cliff@ptthead. comAttachment size no exceed than 200 kb.

Lowongan Kerja SALES PROMOTION GIRL / BOY (SPG / SPB) PT. SURYA INTI PRATAMA CREATION

2011-06-27T23:11:00.000-07:00

SALES PROMOTION GIRL / BOY (SPG / SPB)

General Requirements:

Male / Female, unmarried
Female Height min 158 cm / min 165 cm Men
Dressed (Good Looking)
Min high school education or equivalent
Experience is not in priority
Can work together in teams (team player)
Flexible, communicative and diligent
Active, initiative, creative and customer-oriented
S.K.C.K and Health Certificate
For those who qualify, send a cover letter and CV Direct
as well as the latest pasphoto you to:

PT. SURYA INTI PRATAMA CREATION
WISMA LAENA Lt. 6 Suite 603 Jl. KH. Abdullah Safeii No. 7
Casablanca Tebet South Jakarta
Email to: hrd@sikap.net

Lowongan Kerja PT Sarana Pondok Sejahtera Abadi Developer & Real Estate

2011-06-27T23:09:00.001-07:00

The Fast Growing Developer Company is inviting highly motivated professionals
to fulfill position as :

1.    GM Finance, Accounting and Tax (GM-FAT)
-       Female, max 40 years old
-       10 years experience in Big Five Developer Company and at least 5 years in the area of finance as general manager (GM)
-       S2 Degree from reputable university
-       Familiar with the process of IPO
-       Having capability to develop the System and Procedure

2.    GM Project (GMP)
-       Male / Female, 35-40 yo
-       10 years experience in big five developer company, at least 5 years in the field of project in same managerial position
-       S1 degree in civil engineering from reputable university
-       Balancing in Marketing and Project
-       Have strong leadership, team building, and problem solving.

3.    GM Marketing (GMM)
-       Male / Female, 35-40 yo
-       S1/S2 degree from reputable university
-       10 years experience in the area of marketing and at least 5 years in managerial position in the same level.
-       Last Exp. 5 years in Big Five Developer Company
-       Have excellent networking, develop sales strategy and execute accordingly.
-       Have strong leadership, team building, analytical thinking and problem solving.
Please sent your complete resume in MS Word Format, not later than 2 weeks after this advertisement, only shortlisted candidates will be interviewed
(Please put the expected salary and please put the position code in the subject ) to :
spsa.recruitment@ gmail.com and linda@nusunokarya. com
or send your resume to :
PT Sarana Pondok Sejahtera Abadi
Developer & Real Estate
Menara MTH 15th Fl. Suite 1508
Jl. MT Haryono Kav 23 Jakarta 12820

Lowongan Kerja MARKETING EXECUTIVE PT MediaSquare Prima

2011-06-27T23:03:00.001-07:00

Kami perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang Advertising membutuhkan segera
tenaga kerja untuk posisi:

MARKETING EXECUTIVE (Code: ME)

Persyaratan:
- Pria / Wanita max. 30 tahun
- Penampilan rapi & menarik
- Memiliki kemampuan, komunikasi, persuasif, inisiatif yang tinggi
- Pengalaman min. 2 tahun dibidang yang sama
- Target oriented
- Kreatif dan berwawasan luas
- Mampu bekerja secara team
- Bagi yang memenuhi kualifikasi tersebut di atas, dapat mengirimkan lamaran
lengkap dan foto terbaru melalui email ke: hr@magicboxads. com
--
Farah
Recruitment Officer

PT MediaSquare Prima
Jl. Balikpapan Raya No. 32B
Jakarta 10130, Indonesia
P: +62-21 6386 4173, 74
F: +62-21 632 1707
http://www.MagicBox Ads.com <http://www.magicbox ads.com/>

Lowongan Kerja PLANNER (Batam - Kepulauan Riau)

2011-06-27T22:58:00.000-07:00

PLANNER
(Batam - Kepulauan Riau)

Requirements:

a.. Male/Female, maximum 30 years old
b.. High School/ Diploma/ Degree in Marine Engineering, Business Administration or Industrial Technique
c.. Experiences in Project Planning or Marine industries min 3 years.
d.. Exposure in Project Management and Risk Assessment.
e.. Excellent computer literate (MS Project, MS Office, Primavera and AutoCad 3D)
f.. Verbal and written communications skills in English
g.. Well organized, honest, self motivation, initiative, fast learning, hard worker, reliable, energetic, independent, secretive, team player, multi tasking, multi skills would be required
h.. Able to work under pressure with minimum supervision, work on tight schedule and flexible concerning working hours
Please note the position code as the subject of your e-mail (add the photohraph) and send to:

hr@batamec.com

We are expecting your application not exceeding 2 weeks after this publication.

" Only short-listed candidates will be invited via e-mail/phone for Test and Interview "

Lowongan Kerja Vacancy COUNTRY EXECUTIVE (placement in Nigeria)

2011-06-27T22:55:00.000-07:00

Country Executive (CE)
(Jakarta Raya - To Be Placed in SOKOTO - NORTH WEST NIGERIA)

Responsibilities:
Evaluate customer, market conditions, and competitor.
Establish marketing strategies for energy drinks (sachet & can) to meet organizational objectives.
Oversees all marketing, advertising and promotional staff and activities.
Implement marketing plan changes as needed.

Requirements:
Male, maximum 30 years old, SINGLE.
Minimum Bachelor Degree from any disciplines
Minimum 4 years experience in Consumer Goods (as Sales/ Marketing/ Brand Management) is a MUST
Fluent in written and spoken English is a MUST
Willing to be placed in SOKOTO - NORTH WEST NIGERIA for minimum 3 years is a MUST
Posses strong market analysis & strategic plan
Experience in sales/ marketing activity in East Indonesia (Papua/ NTT) will be an advantage
Tough and easily adapt to African culture and environment
Strong leadership, self motivator and self directed
Able to establish good and strong relationship with distributor and sales team
Posses excellent health

We're welcoming candidates to apply by sending updated cv and recent photo to:

recruitment. group@mensa. co.id

Lowongan Kerja RECEPTIONIST / ADMIN bintang- network

2011-06-27T22:52:00.001-07:00

RECEPTIONIST / ADMIN

Requirements:
- Female, max 27 years old, single
- Min. Diploma degree in any major
- Experienced in similar position or Fresh Graduate are welcome
- Having good communication skill
- Computer literate
- Good command in English
- Professional looks, good voice, and persuasive
- Pleasant and excellent personality

Please submit your CV, recent photograph, email to:
hrd@bintang- network.com(max.200Kb and put the position you applied as an email
subject)

Lowongan Kerja ACCOUNT MANAGER bintang- network

2011-06-27T22:48:00.001-07:00

ACCOUNT MANAGER

• Female
• Min. Bachelor Degree in any discipline
• Experienced min. 5 years as Account Executive in advertising
agency/media.
• Fully understand ATL & BTL
• Excellent presentations skills
• Good team player and a great self-starter
• Strong conceptual skills
• Target and result oriented

Please submit your CV, recent photograph to:

hrd@bintang- network.com

Max.200Kb and put the position you applied as an email subject)
Please visit : www.bintang- network.com

Lowongan Kerja Urgent Vacancies in PT ZTE Indonesia

2011-06-27T22:45:00.001-07:00

PT. ZTE Indonesia

PT. ZTE Indonesia as subsidiary company of ZTE Corporation is one of the
leading telecommunication solution suppliers based on China providing
total solution to telecom carriers worldwide. ZTE's over 65,000 employees
are working in more than 130 countries and regions in Asia, America,
Europe, Africa, etc. In coping with our expansion in local market
depending on our Indonesian large project demand, ZTE is looking for
outstanding employees in Indonesia to fill in the vacant position of:

Senior Network Optimization engineer

Responsibility:
Focusing on network performance issues, communicate with/train/guide
customers.
Improve the network performance, work out excellent network, win and
exceed customer's satisfaction & expectation.
Provide solutions to major problems related to network performance,
including complex technical issues, long pending problems and customer
complaints.
Research on network optimization technology, accumulate and transfer
optimization knowledge and skills.

Requirements:
More than 8-year experience in telecom industry and minimum 5-year network
planning & optimization experience.
Excellent communication skills in English.
Ability of communication with high level management of telecom operators,
e.g. negotiation and presentation abilities.
Deep knowledge in wireless communication technology evolution. Reputation
in telecom industry is definitely an asset.
Familiar with the business operating mode of telecom operators, experience
of holding important positions in telecom operators is preferred.
No limitation to nationality.

Transmission Rollout Director

Requirements:
More than 10 years experience in telecommunication
Have rich experience of large transmission roll-out project (IP and E1),
including MW/MUX/switch in large scale
Strong capability of roll out planning, including target term, internal
and external resources plan and major dependencies and risks
identification.
Strong capability of progress monitoring, bottlenecks identification and
solutions.
Strong leadership and management skill to roll out team for progressing
which is located separately in several regions all over the country
Good communication skills.

Responsibilities:
In charge for large scale transmission project
Be responsible for project from initiation, planning, monitor, control
until closure.
Manage and lead the roll out team locates separately in the
country to achieve the project target. Address the major bottlenecks and
implement solutions.
Give proper report to high management.
Interface to the customer of transmission, can communicate well with
customer's top management and give professional reports and presentations.

Project Rollout Senior Manager
Qualifications:
More than 10 years experience in Telecommunications, have rich experience
of large GSM/CDMA/3G wireless roll-out Project (better more than 1000
BTS).
Strong Capability of rollout planning, including scheduling, internal and
external resources plan, and Major dependencies and Risks identification.
Strong Capability of Progress monitoring, bottlenecks/ Gap analysis and
Solutions.
Strong Leadership and Management skill to the rollout team for regions all
over the country. And Good communication skills.

Job descriptions:
Project Rollout Senior Manager of large project(more than 1000 BTS)
Be responsible for Project from initiation, planning, monitor, control
until closure.
Manage and Lead the rollout team locates in the country to achieve the
project target. Address the major bottlenecks and implement the solutions.
Proper report to higher management.
Interface to the customer Rollout Team, Can communicate well with customer
senior management about all rollout matters, and give professional reports
and presentations.

KPI Assistant

Job Description:
Responsible for internal and HQ KPI management, task tracing and weekly
customer visit submit and audit.

Requirements:
Fluent in English and Chinese speaking and writing
Good communication skill and strong cooperation ability
Computer literate
Minimum bachelor degree in Management or relevant background, with minimum
GPA: 2.75/4.00
Has 1 year above for management and internal work experience.
Preferable Female, single or married, with good appearance, health.
Have principle, strong affinity, team player, cheerful, able to work under
pressure, detail oriented person.

Site Delivery Specialist
Responsibilities:
In charge of manage telecommunication equipment delivery
DO/DR release
Track status of DO/DR
Cost controlling, Negotiate with subcontractors and site housekeepers
Statistic and report DO/DR/DN status
Communicate with Project Team and Department
Collect and analyses competition information
Cooperate Department to finish KPI, etc

Requirements:
Bachelor Degree in Logistic or any major related.
Minimum 3 years working experience in related field
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Good communication skills,
Basic knowledge in project management,
Familiar with telecommunication project,
Good attitude towards work
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Excellent teamwork, interpersonal and communication skills, and customer
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Technical Support Engineer

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maintenance, maintaining of circuit elements and support project
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and 3rd party equipments included in VAS elements.
Requirement:
Bachelor's degree or above in Telecommunications / Electronics Engineering
or equivalent
More than 2 year's relevant experience in Telecommunication industry,
preferably with multinational telecom companies
Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
Team player with strong analytical and problem solving skills
English proficiency.
Hands on experience with features and parameters for VAS knowledge
especially in SMC
Experience in IP Network Operation, WAN and LAN Technologies and
protocols, current Basic Cisco CCNA certification is more preferable.
Familiar with Linux or Solaris Operating system
Good knowledge in Database system SQL Server, Sybase, oracle
Account Manager (AM)

Main Responsibilities:
Identify market potential and qualifying accounts
Collect and analyze market information; plan, organize and implement
projects
Plan and achieve sales target, account penetration, customer satisfaction
and retention
Analyze project proposals
Establish distribution channels with key local clients
Build up an effective sales team
Responsible for overall relationship with the customer.
Maintain good rapport with customers and keep abreast of market
development
Requirement:
Degree in Telecommunications /Electronics Engineering
At least 5 years experience in managing key accounts and special projects
from a telecommunication company
Strong telecommunication industry background
Good communication, presentation, negotiation and leadership skills
Action oriented, results driven, aggressive and persistent
Energetic & Team Player
Must be able to communicate effectively in English, proficiency in
Mandarin would be an added advantage

PR & Marketing Communication Executive

Job Description:
Planning, develop proposal, budgeting for marketing activities (ATL / BTL)
Maintain good relationship with customer in term of marketing affairs
Research and analysis handset market to get support material for marketing
plan
Regularly do consumer insights reports
Interface with PR agency, EO, Supplier
Maintain good relationship with media

Requirement
Male / Female
Age 25 - 30 years old
Min. Bachelor degree in any field (Priority majoring in Branding, PR, or
marketing field)
2 - 3 years experience in related field (Priority have working experience
in Event Organizer, PR agency, PR or Branding or Marketing in Telco
company, Telco distributor company)
Hard working / Can work under pressure / can work without supervision
Willing to work over time
Willing to travel
Creative, dynamic, flexible and good looking
Fluent in English (Mandarin is an advantage)

Forward your comprehensive resume and CV in English to:

hrindonesia@ zte.com.cn
Or post them to:

PT.ZTE Indonesia
The East Building, 26th Floor
Lingkar Mega Kuningan, Kav.E3.2 No.1
South Jakarta 12950

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f.. Knowing about Hosting and Domains

Send cover letter, CV and photograph not later than one week after the advertisement is published, send to:

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A web-based solution provider that is being developed,
HR is looking for work as:

* Web Programmer (PW) *
Position: Full-time (FT) / Part-time (PT) - REMOTE or BANDUNG
Qualifications required:
- Mastering HTML, CSS, AJAX, PHP and MySQL
- Familiar with Drupal
- Familiar with CodeIgniter
- Mastering the standard web
- Willing to work remotely and experienced, and able to work
according to tight deadlines without supervision.
- Must be able to show programming portfolio

*
Web Administrator (AW) *
Position: Full-time (FT) / Part-time (PT) - REMOTE or BANDUNG
Qualifications required:
- Having a good basic understanding of web-based technologies.
- Familiar with HTML and CSS. Experience with CMS is a plus
- Familiar with social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Foursquare
- Familiar with server control panels like cPanel or Plesk.
- A basic understanding of the software / image editing /, such as
Photoshop or Gimp is a plus
- Willing to work remotely and experienced, and able to work
according to tight deadlines without supervision.

* Product Consultant (KP) *
Position: Full-time (FT) - JAKARTA
Qualifications required:
- Having a degree S1 (graduate Management / Business Administration preferred)
- Familiar with the concept and approach to management
- Fluency in using the Internet, and familiar with web-based technologies.
- Able to work within tight deadlines without supervision.
- Used to make a presentation
- Familiar with project management
- Willing to work with high mobility

* Administrative Office (AK) *
Position: Full-time (FT) - JAKARTA / BANDUNG
Qualifications required:
- Have a minimum of D3 degree in a relevant
- Fluency in using the Internet, and familiar with web-based technologies.
- Having experience in office administration, including the
within the financial administration

Send resume with details as follows:
- Letter of application,
- Detailed resume,
- Portfolio of work,
- Expected salary
- Latest photos
in PDF format to * @ skytreemedia recruitment. com *

Write down the position of the target (* PW / AW / KP / AK *) and time preference
job (* FT * or * PT *)

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--- On Thu, 2/19/09, MOHAMMAD ISMAIL <ismail_sampang@yahoo.co.id> wrote:

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Subject: Trs: MATERI KULIAH III DAN TUGAS T1
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Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks

Prabhaker Mateti

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001

This article is scheduled to appear in "The Handbook of Information Security", Hossein Bidgoli (Editor-in-Chief), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

1. Introduction. 2

2. Wireless LAN Overview.. 3

2.1 Stations and Access Points. 3

2.2 Channels. 4

2.3 WEP. 4

2.4 Infrastructure and Ad Hoc Modes. 4

2.5 Frames. 4

2.6 Authentication. 5

2.7 Association. 6

3. Wireless Network Sniffing. 7

3.1 Passive Scanning. 7

3.2 Detection of SSID.. 8

3.3 Collecting the MAC Addresses. 8

3.4 Collecting the Frames for Cracking WEP. 8

3.5 Detection of the Sniffers. 9

4. Wireless Spoofing. 10

4.1 MAC Address Spoofing. 10

4.2 IP spoofing. 10

4.3 Frame Spoofing. 11

5. Wireless Network Probing. 11

5.1 Detection of SSID.. 12

5.2 Detection of APs and stations. 12

5.3 Detection of Probing. 12

6. AP Weaknesses. 12

6.1 Configuration. 12

6.2 Defeating MAC Filtering. 13

6.3 Rogue AP. 13

6.4 Trojan AP. 13

6.5 Equipment Flaws. 13

7. Denial of Service. 14

7.1 Jamming the Air Waves. 14

7.2 Flooding with Associations. 14

7.3 Forged Dissociation. 14

7.4 Forged Deauthentication. 15

7.5 Power Saving. 15

8. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks. 15

8.1 Wireless MITM... 16

8.2 ARP Poisoning. 16

8.3 Session Hijacking. 17

9. War Driving. 17

9.1 War chalking. 17

9.2 Typical Equipment 18

10. Wireless Security Best Practices. 19

10.1 Location of the APs. 19

10.2 Proper Configuration. 19

10.3 Secure Protocols. 20

10.4 Wireless IDS. 20

10.5 Wireless Auditing. 21

10.6 Newer Standards and Protocols. 21

10.7 Software Tools. 21

1. Introduction

Wireless networks broadcast their packets using radio frequency or optical wavelengths. A modern laptop computer can listen in. Worse, an attacker can manufacture new packets on the fly and persuade wireless stations to accept his packets as legitimate.

We use the term hacking as described below.

hacker n. [originally, someone who makes furniture with an axe] 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. 2. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming. 3. A person capable of appreciating hack value. 4. A person who is good at programming quickly. 5. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work using it or on it; as in `a Unix hacker'. (Definitions 1 through 5 are correlated, and people who fit them congregate.) 6. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example. 7. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations. 8. [deprecated] A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence `password hacker', `network hacker'. The correct term for this sense is cracker.

From The Jargon Dictionary http://info.astrian.net/jargon/

This article describes IEEE 802.11-specific hacking techniques that attackers have used, and suggests various defensive measures. It is not an overview of security features proposed in WPA or IEEE 802.11i. We do not consider legal implications, or the intent behind such hacking, whether malevolent or benevolent. The article's focus is in describing techniques, methods, analyses and uses in ways unintended by the designers of IEEE 802.11.

2. Wireless LAN Overview

In this section, we give a brief overview of wireless LAN (WLAN) while emphasizing the features that help an attacker. We assume that the reader is familiar with the TCP/IP suite (see, e.g., [Mateti 2003]).

IEEE 802.11 refers to a family of specifications (www.ieee802.org/11/) developed by the IEEE for over-the-air interface between a wireless client and an AP or between two wireless clients. To be called 802.11 devices, they must conform to the Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer specifications. The IEEE 802.11 standard covers the Physical (Layer 1) and Data Link (Layer 2) layers of the OSI Model. In this article, we are mainly concerned with the MAC layer and not the variations of the physical layer known as 802.11a/b/g.

2.1 Stations and Access Points

A wireless network interface card (adapter) is a device, called a station, providing the network physical layer over a radio link to another station. An access point (AP) is a station that provides frame distribution service to stations associated with it. The AP itself is typically connected by wire to a LAN.

The station and AP each contain a network interface that has a Media Access Control (MAC) address, just as wired network cards do. This address is a world-wide-unique 48-bit number, assigned to it at the time of manufacture. The 48-bit address is often represented as a string of six octets separated by colons (e.g., 00:02:2D:17:B9:E8) or hyphens (e.g., 00-02-2D-17-B9-E8). While the MAC address as assigned by the manufacturer is printed on the device, the address can be changed in software.

Each AP has a 0 to 32 byte long Service Set Identifier (SSID) that is also commonly called a network name. The SSID is used to segment the airwaves for usage. If two wireless networks are physically close, the SSIDs label the respective networks, and allow the components of one network to ignore those of the other. SSIDs can also be mapped to virtual LANs; thus, some APs support multiple SSIDs. Unlike fully qualified host names (e.g., gamma.cs.wright.edu), SSIDs are not registered, and it is possible that two unrelated networks use the same SSID.

2.2 Channels

The stations communicate with each other using radio frequencies between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Neighboring channels are only 5 MHz apart. Two wireless networks using neighboring channels may interfere with each other.

2.3 WEP

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a shared-secret key encryption system used to encrypt packets transmitted between a station and an AP. The WEP algorithm is intended to protect wireless communication from eavesdropping. A secondary function of WEP is to prevent unauthorized access to a wireless network. WEP encrypts the payload of data packets. Management and control frames are always transmitted in the clear. WEP uses the RC4 encryption algorithm. The shared-secret key is either 40 or 104 bits long. The key is chosen by the system administrator. This key must be shared among all the stations and the AP using mechanisms that are not specified in the IEEE 802.11.

2.4 Infrastructure and Ad Hoc Modes

A wireless network operates in one of two modes. In the ad hoc mode, each station is a peer to the other stations and communicates directly with other stations within the network. No AP is involved. All stations can send Beacon and Probe frames. The ad hoc mode stations form an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).

A station in the infrastructure mode communicates only with an AP. Basic Service Set (BSS) is a set of stations that are logically associated with each other and controlled by a single AP. Together they operate as a fully connected wireless network. The BSSID is a 48-bit number of the same format as a MAC address. This field uniquely identifies each BSS. The value of this field is the MAC address of the AP.

2.5 Frames

Both the station and AP radiate and gather 802.11 frames as needed. The format of frames is illustrated below. Most of the frames contain IP packets. The other frames are for the management and control of the wireless connection.

Figure 1 An IEEE 802.11 Frame

There are three classes of frames. The management frames establish and maintain communications. These are of Association request, Association response, Reassociation request, Reassociation response, Probe request, Probe response, Beacon, Announcement traffic indication message, Disassociation, Authentication, Deauthentication types. The SSID is part of several of the management frames. Management messages are always sent in the clear, even when link encryption (WEP or WPA) is used, so the SSID is visible to anyone who can intercept these frames.

The control frames help in the delivery of data.

The data frames encapsulate the OSI Network Layer packets. These contain the source and destination MAC address, the BSSID, and the TCP/IP datagram. The payload part of the datagram is WEP-encrypted.

2.6 Authentication

Authentication is the process of proving identity of a station to another station or AP. In the open system authentication, all stations are authenticated without any checking. A station A sends an Authentication management frame that contains the identity of A, to station B. Station B replies with a frame that indicates recognition, addressed to A. In the closed network architecture, the stations must know the SSID of the AP in order to connect to the AP. The shared key authentication uses a standard challenge and response along with a shared secret key.

Figure 2: States and Services

2.7 Association

Data can be exchanged between the station and AP only after a station is associated with an AP in the infrastructure mode or with another station in the ad hoc mode. All the APs transmit Beacon frames a few times each second that contain the SSID, time, capabilities, supported rates, and other information. Stations can chose to associate with an AP based on the signal strength etc. of each AP. Stations can have a null SSID that is considered to match all SSIDs.

The association is a two-step process. A station that is currently unauthenticated and unassociated listens for Beacon frames. The station selects a BSS to join. The station and the AP mutually authenticate themselves by exchanging Authentication management frames. The client is now authenticated, but unassociated. In the second step, the station sends an Association Request frame, to which the AP responds with an Association Response frame that includes an Association ID to the station. The station is now authenticated and associated.

A station can be authenticated with several APs at the same time, but associated with at most one AP at any time. Association implies authentication. There is no state where a station is associated but not authenticated.

3. Wireless Network Sniffing

Sniffing is eavesdropping on the network. A (packet) sniffer is a program that intercepts and decodes network traffic broadcast through a medium. Sniffing is the act by a machine S of making copies of a network packet sent by machine A intended to be received by machine B. Such sniffing, strictly speaking, is not a TCP/IP problem, but it is enabled by the choice of broadcast media, Ethernet and 802.11, as the physical and data link layers.

Sniffing has long been a reconnaissance technique used in wired networks. Attackers sniff the frames necessary to enable the exploits described in later sections. Sniffing is the underlying technique used in tools that monitor the health of a network. Sniffing can also help find the easy kill as in scanning for open access points that allow anyone to connect, or capturing the passwords used in a connection session that does not even use WEP, or in telnet, rlogin and ftp connections.

It is easier to sniff wireless networks than wired ones. It is easy to sniff the wireless traffic of a building by setting shop in a car parked in a lot as far away as a mile, or while driving around the block. In a wired network, the attacker must find a way to install a sniffer on one or more of the hosts in the targeted subnet. Depending on the equipment used in a LAN, a sniffer needs to be run either on the victim machine whose traffic is of interest or on some other host in the same subnet as the victim. An attacker at large on the Internet has other techniques that make it possible to install a sniffer remotely on the victim machine.

3.1 Passive Scanning

Scanning is the act of sniffing by tuning to various radio channels of the devices. A passive network scanner instructs the wireless card to listen to each channel for a few messages. This does not reveal the presence of the scanner.

An attacker can passively scan without transmitting at all. Several modes of a station permit this. There is a mode called RF monitor mode that allows every frame appearing on a channel to be copied as the radio of the station tunes to various channels. This is analogous to placing a wired Ethernet card in promiscuous mode. This mode is not enabled by default. Some wireless cards on the market today have disabled this feature in the default firmware. One can buy wireless cards whose firmware and corresponding driver software together permit reading of all raw 802.11 frames. A station in monitor mode can capture packets without associating with an AP or ad-hoc network. The so-called promiscuous mode allows the capture of all wireless packets of an associated network. In this mode, packets cannot be read until authentication and association are completed.

An example sniffer is Kismet (http://www.kismetwireless.net). An example wireless card that permits RF monitor modes is Cisco Aironet AIR-PCM342.

3.2 Detection of SSID

The attacker can discover the SSID of a network usually by passive scanning because the SSID occurs in the following frame types: Beacon, Probe Requests, Probe Responses, Association Requests, and Reassociation Requests. Recall that management frames are always in the clear, even when WEP is enabled.

On a number of APs, it is possible to configure so that the SSID transmitted in the Beacon frames is masked, or even turn off Beacons altogether. The SSID shown in the Beacon frames is set to null in the hope of making the WLAN invisible unless a client already knows the correct SSID. In such a case, a station wishing to join a WLAN begins the association process by sending Probe Requests since it could not detect any APs via Beacons that match its SSID.

If the Beacons are not turned off, and the SSID in them is not set to null, an attacker obtains the SSID included in the Beacon frame by passive scanning.

When the Beacon displays a null SSID, there are two possibilities. Eventually, an Associate Request may appear from a legitimate station that already has a correct SSID. To such a request, there will be an Associate Response frame from the AP. Both frames will contain the SSID in the clear, and the attacker sniffs these. If the station wishes to join any available AP, it sends Probe Requests on all channels, and listens for Probe Responses that contain the SSIDs of the APs. The station considers all Probe Responses, just as it would have with the non-empty SSID Beacon frames, to select an AP. Normal association then begins. The attacker waits to sniff these Probe Responses and extract the SSIDs.

If Beacon transmission is disabled, the attacker has two choices. The attacker can keep sniffing waiting for a voluntary Associate Request to appear from a legitimate station that already has a correct SSID and sniff the SSID as described above. The attacker can also chose to actively probe by injecting frames that he constructs, and then sniffs the response as described in a later section.

When the above methods fail, SSID discovery is done by active scanning (see Section 5).

3.3 Collecting the MAC Addresses

The attacker gathers legitimate MAC addresses for use later in constructing spoofed frames. The source and destination MAC addresses are always in the clear in all the frames. There are two reasons why an attacker would collect MAC addresses of stations and APs participating in a wireless network. (1) The attacker wishes to use these values in spoofed frames so that his station or AP is not identified. (2) The targeted AP may be controlling access by filtering out frames with MAC addresses that were not registered.

3.4 Collecting the Frames for Cracking WEP

The goal of an attacker is to discover the WEP shared-secret key. Often, the shared key can be discovered by guesswork based on a certain amount of social engineering regarding the administrator who configures the wireless LAN and all its users. Some client software stores the WEP keys in the operating system registry or initialization scripts. In the following, we assume that the attacker was unsuccessful in obtaining the key in this manner. The attacker then employs systematic procedures in cracking the WEP. For this purpose, a large number (millions) of frames need to be collected because of the way WEP works.

The wireless device generates on the fly an Initialization Vector (IV) of 24-bits. Adding these bits to the shared-secret key of either 40 or 104 bits, we often speak of 64-, or 128-bit encryption. WEP generates a pseudo-random key stream from the shared secret key and the IV. The CRC-32 checksum of the plain text, known as the Integrity Check (IC) field, is appended to the data to be sent. It is then exclusive-ORed with the pseudo-random key stream to produce the cipher text. The IV is appended in the clear to the cipher text and transmitted. The receiver extracts the IV, uses the secret key to re-generate the random key stream, and exclusive-ORs the received cipher text to yield the original plaintext.

Certain cards are so simplistic that they start their IV as 0 and increment it by 1 for each frame, resetting in between for some events. Even the better cards generate weak IVs from which the first few bytes of the shared key can be computed after statistical analyses. Some implementations generate fewer mathematically weak vectors than others do.

The attacker sniffs a large number of frames from a single BSS. These frames all use the same key. The mathematics behind the systematic computation of the secret shared key from a collection of cipher text extracted from these frames is described elsewhere in this volume. What is needed however is a collection of frames that were encrypted using "mathematically-weak" IVs. The number of encrypted frames that were mathematically weak is a small percentage of all frames. In a collection of a million frames, there may only be a hundred mathematically weak frames. It is conceivable that the collection may take a few hours to several days depending on how busy the WLAN is.

Given a sufficient number of mathematically weak frames, the systematic computation that exposes the bytes of the secret key is intensive. However, an attacker can employ powerful computers. On an average PC, this may take a few seconds to hours. The storage of the large numbers of frames is in the several hundred-mega bytes to a few giga bytes range.

An example of a WEP cracking tool is AirSnort ( http://airsnort.shmoo.com ).

3.5 Detection of the Sniffers

Detecting the presence of a wireless sniffer, who remains radio-silent, through network security measures is virtually impossible. Once the attacker begins probing (i.e., by injecting packets), the presence and the coordinates of the wireless device can be detected.

4. Wireless Spoofing

There are well-known attack techniques known as spoofing in both wired and wireless networks. The attacker constructs frames by filling selected fields that contain addresses or identifiers with legitimate looking but non-existent values, or with values that belong to others. The attacker would have collected these legitimate values through sniffing.

4.1 MAC Address Spoofing

The attacker generally desires to be hidden. But the probing activity injects frames that are observable by system administrators. The attacker fills the Sender MAC Address field of the injected frames with a spoofed value so that his equipment is not identified.

Typical APs control access by permitting only those stations with known MAC addresses. Either the attacker has to compromise a computer system that has a station, or he spoofs with legitimate MAC addresses in frames that he manufactures. MAC addresses are assigned at the time of manufacture, but setting the MAC address of a wireless card or AP to an arbitrary chosen value is a simple matter of invoking an appropriate software tool that engages in a dialog with the user and accepts values. Such tools are routinely included when a station or AP is purchased. The attacker, however, changes the MAC address programmatically, sends several frames with that address, and repeats this with another MAC address. In a period of a second, this can happen several thousand times.

When an AP is not filtering MAC addresses, there is no need for the attacker to use legitimate MAC addresses. However, in certain attacks, the attacker needs to have a large number of MAC addresses than he could collect by sniffing. Random MAC addresses are generated. However, not every random sequence of six bytes is a MAC address. The IEEE assigns globally the first three bytes, and the manufacturer chooses the last three bytes. The officially assigned numbers are publicly available. The attacker generates a random MAC address by selecting an IEEE-assigned three bytes appended with an additional three random bytes.

4.2 IP spoofing

Replacing the true IP address of the sender (or, in rare cases, the destination) with a different address is known as IP spoofing. This is a necessary operation in many attacks.

The IP layer of the OS simply trusts that the source address, as it appears in an IP packet is valid. It assumes that the packet it received indeed was sent by the host officially assigned that source address. Because the IP layer of the OS normally adds these IP addresses to a data packet, a spoofer must circumvent the IP layer and talk directly to the raw network device. Note that the attacker's machine cannot simply be assigned the IP address of another host X using ifconfig or a similar configuration tool. Other hosts, as well as X, will discover (through ARP, for example) that there are two machines with the same IP address.

IP spoofing is an integral part of many attacks. For example, an attacker can silence a host A from sending further packets to B by sending a spoofed packet announcing a window size of zero to A as though it originated from B.

4.3 Frame Spoofing

The attacker will inject frames that are valid by 802.11 specifications, but whose content is carefully spoofed as described above.

Frames themselves are not authenticated in 802.11 networks. So when a frame has a spoofed source address, it cannot be detected unless the address is wholly bogus. If the frame to be spoofed is a management or control frame, there is no encryption to deal with. If it is a data frame, perhaps as part of an on-going MITM attack, the data payload must be properly encrypted.

Construction of the byte stream that constitutes a spoofed frame is a programming matter once the attacker has gathered the needed information through sniffing and probing. There are software libraries that ease this task. Examples of such libraries are libpcap (sourceforge.net/projects/libpcap/), libnet (libnet.sourceforge.net/), libdnet (libdnet. sourceforge.net/) and libradiate (www.packetfactory.net/projects/libradiate/ ).

The difficulty here is not in the construction of the contents of the frame, but in getting, it radiated (transmitted) by the station or an AP. This requires control over the firmware and driver of the wireless card that may sanitize certain fields of a frame. Therefore, the attacker selects his equipment carefully. Currently, there are off-the-shelf wireless cards that can be manipulated. In addition, the construction of special purpose wireless cards is within the reach of a resourceful attacker.

5. Wireless Network Probing

Even though the attacker gathers considerable amount of information regarding a wireless network through sniffing, without revealing his wireless presence at all, there are pieces that may still be missing. The attacker then sends artificially constructed packets to a target that trigger useful responses. This activity is known as probing or active scanning.

The target may discover that it is being probed, it might even be a honey pot (www.honeynet.org/) target carefully constructed to trap the attacker. The attacker would try to minimize this risk.

5.1 Detection of SSID

Detection of SSID is often possible by simply sniffing Beacon frames as describe in a previous section.

If Beacon transmission is disabled, and the attacker does not wish to patiently wait for a voluntary Associate Request to appear from a legitimate station that already has a correct SSID, or Probe Requests from legitimate stations, he will resort to probing by injecting a Probe Request frame that contains a spoofed source MAC address. The Probe Response frame from the APs will contain, in the clear, the SSID and other information similar to that in the Beacon frames were they enabled. The attacker sniffs these Probe Responses and extracts the SSIDs.

Some models of APs have an option to disable responding to Probe Requests that do not contain the correct SSID. In this case, the attacker determines a station associated with the AP, and sends the station a forged Disassociation frame where the source MAC address is set to that of the AP. The station will send a Reassociation Request that exposes the SSID.

5.2 Detection of APs and stations

Every AP is a station, so SSIDs, MAC addresses are gathered as described above.

Certain bits in the frames identify that the frame is from an AP. If we assume that WEP is either disabled or cracked, the attacker can also gather the IP addresses of the AP and the stations.

5.3 Detection of Probing

Detection of probing is possible. The frames that an attacker injects can also be heard by the intrusion detection systems (IDS) of hardened wireless LAN. There is GPS-enabled equipment that can identify the physical coordinates of a wireless device through which the probe frames are being transmitted.

6. AP Weaknesses

APs have weaknesses that are both due to design mistakes and user interfaces that promote weak passwords, etc. It has been demonstrated by many publicly conducted war-driving efforts (www.worldwidewardrive.org) in major cities around the world that a large majority of the deployed APs are poorly configured, most with WEP disabled, and configuration defaults, as set up the manufacturer, untouched.

6.1 Configuration

The default WEP keys used are often too trivial. Different APs use different techniques to convert the user's key board input into a bit vector. Usually 5 or 13 ASCII printable characters are directly mapped by concatenating their ASCII 8-bit codes into a 40-bit or 104-bit WEP key. A stronger key can be constructed from an input of 26 hexadecimal digits. It is possible to form an even stronger104 bit WEP key by truncating the MD5 hash of an arbitrary length pass phrase.

6.2 Defeating MAC Filtering

Typical APs permit access to only those stations with known MAC addresses. This is easily defeated by the attacker who spoofs his frames with a MAC address that is registered with the AP from among the ones that he collected through sniffing. That a MAC address is registered can be detected by observing the frames from the AP to the stations.

6.3 Rogue AP

Access points that are installed without proper authorization and verification that overall security policy is obeyed are called rogue APs. These are installed and used by valid users. Such APs are configured poorly, and attackers will find them.

6.4 Trojan AP

An attacker sets up an AP so that the targeted station receives a stronger signal from it than what it receives from a legitimate AP. If WEP is enabled, the attacker would have already cracked it. A legitimate user selects the Trojan AP because of the stronger signal, authenticates and associates. The Trojan AP is connected to a system that collects the IP traffic for later analyses. It then transmits all the frames to a legitimate AP so that the victim user does not recognize the on-going MITM attack. The attacker can steal the users password, network access, compromise the user's system to give himself root access. This attack is called the Evil Twin Attack.

It is easy to build a Trojan AP because an AP is a computer system optimized for its intended application. A general purpose PC with a wireless card can be turned into a capable AP. An example of such software is HostAP (http://hostap.epitest.fi/ ). Such a Trojaned AP would be formidable.

6.5 Equipment Flaws

A search on www.securityfocus.com with "access point vulnerabilities" will show that numerous flaws in equipment from well-known manufacturers are known. For example, one such AP crashes when a frame is sent to it that has the spoofed source MAC address of itself. Another AP features an embedded TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) server. By requesting a file named config.img via TFTP, an attacker receives the binary image of the AP configuration. The image includes the administrator's password required by the HTTP user interface, the WEP encryption keys, MAC address, and SSID. Yet another AP returns the WEP keys, MAC filter list, administrator's password when sent a UDP packet to port 27155 containing the string "gstsearch".

It is not clear how these flaws were discovered. The following is a likely procedure. Most manufacturers design their equipment so that its firmware can be flashed with a new and improved one in the field. The firmware images are downloaded from the manufacturers' web site. The CPU used in the APs can be easily recognized, and the firmware can be systematically disassembled revealing the flaws at the assembly language level.

Comprehensive lists of such equipment flaws are likely circulating among the attackers.

7. Denial of Service

A denial of service (DoS) occurs when a system is not providing services to authorized clients because of resource exhaustion by unauthorized clients. In wireless networks, DoS attacks are difficult to prevent, difficult to stop an on-going attack and the victim and its clients may not even detect the attacks. The duration of such DoS may range from milliseconds to hours. A DoS attack against an individual station enables session hijacking.

7.1 Jamming the Air Waves

A number of consumer appliances such as microwave ovens, baby monitors, and cordless phones operate on the unregulated 2.4GHz radio frequency. An attacker can unleash large amounts of noise using these devices and jam the airwaves so that the signal to noise drops so low, that the wireless LAN ceases to function. The only solution to this is RF proofing the surrounding environment.

7.2 Flooding with Associations

The AP inserts the data supplied by the station in the Association Request into a table called the association table that the AP maintains in its memory. The IEEE 802.11 specifies a maximum value of 2007 concurrent associations to an AP. The actual size of this table varies among different models of APs. When this table overflows, the AP would refuse further clients.

Having cracked WEP, an attacker authenticates several non-existing stations using legitimate-looking but randomly generated MAC addresses. The attacker then sends a flood of spoofed associate requests so that the association table overflows.

Enabling MAC filtering in the AP will prevent this attack.

7.3 Forged Dissociation

The attacker sends a spoofed Disassociation frame where the source MAC address is set to that of the AP. The station is still authenticated but needs only to reassociate and sends Reassociation Requests to the AP. The AP may send a Reassociation Response accepting the station and the station can then resume sending data. To prevent Reassociation, the attacker continues to send Disassociation frames for a desired period.

7.4 Forged Deauthentication

The attacker monitors all raw frames collecting the source and destination MAC addresses to verify that they are among the targeted victims. When a data or Association Response frame is observed, the attacker sends a spoofed Deauthentication frame where the source MAC address is spoofed to that of the AP. The station is now unassociated and unauthenticated, and needs to reconnect. To prevent a reconnection, the attacker continues to send Deauthentication frames for a desired period. The attacker may even rate limit the Deauthentication frames to avoid overloading an already congested network.

The mischievous packets of Disassociation and Deauthentication are sent directly to the client, so these will not be logged by the AP or IDS, and neither MAC filtering nor WEP protection will prevent it.

7.5 Power Saving

Power conservation is important for typical station laptops, so they frequently enter an 802.11 state called Doze. An attacker can steal packets intended for a station while the station is in the Doze state.

The 802.11 protocol requires a station to inform the AP through a successful frame exchange that it wishes to enter the Doze state from the Active state.

Periodically the station awakens and sends a PS-Poll frame to the AP. The AP will transmit in response the packets that were buffered for the station while it was dozing. This polling frame can be spoofed by an attacker causing the AP to send the collected packets and flush its internal buffers. An attacker can repeat these polling messages so that when the legitimate station periodically awakens and polls, AP will inform that there are no pending packets.

8. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack refers to the situation where an attacker on host X inserts X between all communications between hosts B and C, and neither B nor C is aware of the presence of X. All messages sent by B do reach C but via X, and vice versa. The attacker can merely observe the communication or modify it before sending it out. An MITM attack can break connections that are otherwise secure. At the TCP level, SSH and VPN, e.g., are prone to this attack.

8.1 Wireless MITM

Assume that station B was authenticated with C, a legitimate AP. Attacker X is a laptop with two wireless cards. Through one card, he will present X as an AP. Attacker X sends Deauthentication frames to B using the C's MAC address as the source, and the BSSID he has collected. B gets deauthenticated and begins a scan for an AP and may find X on a channel different from C. There is a race condition between X and C. If B associates with X, the MITM attack succeeded. X will re-transmit the frames it receives from B to C, and the frames it receives from C to B after suitable modifications.

The package of tools called AirJack (http://802.11ninja.net/airjack/) includes a program called monkey_jack that automates the MITM attack. This is programmed well so that the odds of it winning in the race condition mentioned above are improved.

8.2 ARP Poisoning

ARP cache poisoning is an old problem in wired networks. Wired networks have deployed mitigating techniques. But, the ARP poisoning technique is re-enabled in the presence of APs that are connected to a switch/hub along with other wired clients.

ARP is used to determine the MAC address of a device whose IP address is known. The translation is performed with a table look-up. The ARP cache accumulates as the host continues to network. If the ARP cache does not have an entry for an IP address, the outgoing IP packet is queued, and an ARP Request packet that effectively requests "If your IP address matches this target IP address, then please let me know what your Ethernet address is" is broadcast. The host with the target IP is expected to respond with an ARP Reply, which contains the MAC address of the host. Once the table is updated because of receiving this response, all the queued IP packets can now be sent. The entries in the table expire after a set time in order to account for possible hardware address changes for the same IP address. This change may have happened, e.g., due to the NIC being replaced.

Unfortunately, the ARP does not provide for any verification that the responses are from valid hosts or that it is receiving a spurious response as if it has sent an ARP Request. ARP poisoning is an attack technique exploiting this lack of verification. It corrupts the ARP cache that the OS maintains with wrong MAC addresses for some IP addresses. An attacker accomplishes this by sending an ARP Reply packet that is deliberately constructed with a "wrong" MAC address. The ARP is a stateless protocol. Thus, a machine receiving an ARP Reply cannot determine if the response is due to a request it sent or not.

ARP poisoning is one of the techniques that enables the man-in-the-middle attack. An attacker on machine X inserts himself between two hosts B and C by (i) poisoning B so that C's IP address is associated with X's MAC address, (ii) poisoning C so that B's address is associated with X's MAC address, and (iii) relaying the packets X receives.

The ARP poison attack is applicable to all hosts in a subnet. Most APs act as transparent MAC layer bridges, and so all stations associated with it are vulnerable. If an access point is connected directly to a hub or a switch without an intervening router/firewall, then all hosts connected to that hub or switch are susceptible also. Note that recent devices aimed at the home consumer market combine a network switch with may be four or five ports, an AP, a router and a DSL/cable modem connecting to the Internet at large. Internally, the AP is connected to the switch. As a result, an attacker on a wireless station can become a MITM between two wired hosts, one wired one wireless, or both wireless hosts.

The tool called Ettercap ((http://ettercap.sourceforge.net) is capable of performing ARP poisoning.

8.3 Session Hijacking

Session hijacking occurs in the context of a "user", whether human or computer. The user has an on-going connection with a server. Hijacking is said to occur when an attacker causes the user to lose his connection, and the attacker assumes his identity and privileges for a period.

An attacker disables temporarily the user's system, say by a DoS attack or a buffer overflow exploit. The attacker then takes the identity of the user. The attacker now has all the access that the user has. When he is done, he stops the DoS attack, and lets the user resume. The user may not detect the interruption if the disruption lasts no more than a couple of seconds. Such hijacking can be achieved by using forged Disassociation DoS attack.

Corporate wireless networks are often set up so that the user is directed to an authentication server when his station attempts a connection with an AP. After the authentication, the attacker employs the session hijacking described above using spoofed MAC addresses.

9. War Driving

Equipped with wireless devices and related tools, and driving around in a vehicle or parking at interesting places with a goal of discovering easy-to-get-into wireless networks is known as war driving. War-drivers (http://www.wardrive.net/) define war driving as "The benign act of locating and logging wireless access points while in motion." This benign act is of course useful to the attackers.

9.1 War chalking

War chalking is the practice of marking sidewalks and walls with special symbols to indicate that wireless access is nearby so that others do not need to go through the trouble of the same discovery. A search on www.google.com with key words "war driving maps" will produce a large number of hits. Yahoo! Maps can show "Wi-fi Hotspots" near an address you give.

Figure 3: War Chalking Symbols

9.2 Typical Equipment

The typical war driving equipment consists of a laptop computer system or a PDA with a wireless card, a GPS, and a high-gain antenna. Typical choice of an operating system is Linux or FreeBSD where open source sniffers (e.g., Kismet) and WEP crackers (e.g., AirSnort) are available. Similar tools (e.g., NetStumbler) that run on Windows are available.

War drivers need to be within the range of an AP or station located on the target network. The range depends on the transmit output power of the AP and the card, and the gain of the antenna. Ordinary access point antennae transmit their signals in all directions. Often, these signals reach beyond the physical boundaries of the intended work area, perhaps to adjacent buildings, floors, and parking lots. With the typical 30mW wireless cards intended for laptops, the range is about 300 feet, but there are in 2004 wireless cards for laptops on the market that have 200mW. Directional high-gain antennae and an RF-amplifier can dramatically extend the range.

Figure 4: War Drivers' Equipment

10. Wireless Security Best Practices

This section describes best practices in mitigating the problems described above.

10.1 Location of the APs

APs should be topologically located outside the perimeter firewalls. The wireless network segments should be treated with the same suspicion as that for the public Internet. Additionally, it is important to use directional antennae and physically locate them in such a way that the radio-coverage volume is within the control of the corporation or home.

10.2 Proper Configuration

Statistics collected by www.worldwidewardrive.org show a distressingly large percentage of APs left configured with the defaults.

Before a wireless device is connected to the rest of the existing network, proper configuration of the wireless device is necessary. The APs come with a default SSID, such as "Default SSID", "WLAN", "Wireless", "Compaq", "intel", and "linksys". The default passwords for the administrator accounts that configure the AP via a web browser or SNMP are well known for all manufacturers. A proper configuration should change these to difficult to predict values.

Note that the SSID serves as a simple handle, not as a password, for a wireless network. Unless the default SSID on the AP and stations is changed, SSID broadcasts are disabled, MAC address filtering is enabled, WEP enabled, an attacker can use the wireless LAN resources without even sniffing.

The configuration via web browsing (HTTP) is provided by a simplistic web server built into an AP. Often this configuration interface is provided via both wired connections and wireless connections. The web server embedded in a typical AP does not contain secure HTTP, so the password that the administrator submits to the AP can be sniffed. Web based configuration via wireless connections should be disabled.

WEP is disabled in some organization because the throughput is then higher. Enabling WEP encryption makes it necessary for the attacker intending to WEP-crack to have to sniff a large number of frames. The higher the number of bits in the encryption the larger the number of frames that must be collected is. The physical presence in the radio range of the equipment for long periods increases the odds of his equipment being detected. WEP should be enabled.

The IEEE 802.11 does not describe an automated way of distributing the shared-secret keys. In large installations, the manual distribution of keys every time they are changed is expensive. Nevertheless, the WEP encryption keys should be changed periodically.

10.3 Secure Protocols

If the WEP is disabled, or after the WEP is cracked, the attacker can capture all TCP/IP packets by radio-silent sniffing for later analyses. All the wired network attacks are possible. There are real-time tools that analyze and interpret the TCP/IP data as they arrive.

All protocols that send passwords and data in the clear must be avoided. This includes the rlogin family, telnet, and POP3. Instead one should use SSH and VPN.

In general, when a wireless segment is involved, one should use end-to-end encryption at the application level in addition to enabling WEP.

10.4 Wireless IDS

A wireless intrusion detection system (WIDS) is often a self-contained computer system with specialized hardware and software to detect anomalous behavior. The underlying software techniques are the same hacking techniques described above. The special wireless hardware is more capable than the commodity wireless card, including the RF monitor mode, detection of interference, and keeping track of signal-to-noise ratios. It also includes GPS equipment so that rogue clients and APs can be located. A WIDS includes one or more listening devices that collect MAC addresses, SSIDs, features enabled on the stations, transmit speeds, current channel, encryption status, beacon interval, etc. Its computing engine will be powerful enough that it can dissect frames and WEP-decrypt into IP and TCP components. These can be fed into TCP/IP related intrusion detection systems.

Unknown MAC addresses are detected by maintaining a registry of MAC addresses of known stations and APs. Frequently, a WIDS can detect spoofed known MAC addresses because the attacker could not control the firmware of the wireless card to insert the appropriate sequence numbers into the frame.

10.5 Wireless Auditing

Periodically, every wireless network should be audited. Several audit firms provide this service for a fee. A security audit begins with a well-established security policy. A policy for wireless networks should include a description of the geographical volume of coverage. The main goal of an audit is to verify that there are no violations of the policy. To this end, the typical auditor employs the tools and techniques of an attacker.

10.6 Newer Standards and Protocols

Many improvements in wireless network technology are proposed through proprietary channels (e.g., Cisco Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) as well as through the IEEE. The new IEEE 802.11i (ratified in June 2004) enhances the current 802.11 standard to provide improvements in security. These include Port Based Access Control for authentication, Temporal Key Integrity Protocol for dynamic changing of encryption keys, and Wireless Robust Authentication protocol. An interim solution proposed by vendors is the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), a subset of 802.11i, is only now becoming available in some products. Time will tell if these can withstand future attacks.

10.7 Software Tools

Below we describe a collection of cost-free tools that can be used both as attack tools and as audit tools.

· AirJack (http://802.11ninja.net/airjack/) is a collection of wireless card drivers and related programs. It includes a program called monkey_jack that automates the MITM attack. Wlan_jack is a DoS tool that accepts a target source and BSSID to send continuous deauthenticate frames to a single client or an entire network (broadcast address). Essid_jack sends a disassociate frame to a target client in order to force the client to reassociate with the network, thereby giving up the network SSID.

AirSnort (www.airsnort.shmoo.com ) can break WEP by passively monitoring transmissions and computing the encryption key when enough packets have been gathered.
Ethereal (www.ethereal.com ) is a LAN analyzer, including wireless. One can interactively browse the capture data, viewing summary and detail information for all observed wireless traffic.
FakeAP (ww.blackalchemy.to/project/fakeap) can generate thousands of counterfeit 802.11b access points.
HostAP (www.hostap.epitest.fi) converts a station that is based on Intersil's Prism2/2.5/3 chipset to function as an access point.
Kismet (www.kismetwireless.net) is a wireless sniffer and monitor. It passively monitors wireless traffic and dissects frames to identify SSIDs, MAC addresses, channels and connection speeds.
Netstumbler (www.netstumbler.com) is a wireless access point identifier running on Windows. It listens for SSIDs and sends beacons as probes searching for access points.
Prismstumbler (prismstumbler.sourceforge.net/) can find wireless networks. It constantly switches channels and monitors frames received.
The Hacker's Choice organization (www.thc.org) has LEAP Cracker Tool suite that contains tools to break Cisco LEAP. It also has tools for spoofing authentication challenge-packets from an AP. The WarDrive is a tool for mapping a city for wireless networks with a GPS device.
StumbVerter (www.sonar-security.com/sv.html) is a tool that reads NetStumbler's collected data files and presents street maps showing the logged WAPs as icons, whose color and shape indicating WEP mode and signal strength.
Wellenreiter (http://www.wellenreiter.net/) is a WLAN discovery tool. It uses brute force to identify low traffic access points while hiding the real MAC address of the card it uses. It is integrated with GPS.
WEPcrack (www.wepcrack.sourceforge.net) cracks 802.11 WEP encryption keys using weaknesses of RC4 key scheduling.

11. Conclusion

This article is an introduction to the techniques an attacker would use on wireless networks. Regardless of the protocols, wireless networks will remain potentially insecure because an attacker can listen in without gaining physical access. In addition, the protocol designs were security-naïve. We have pointed out several existing tools that implement attack techniques that exploit the weaknesses in the protocol designs. The integration of wireless networks into existing networks also has been carelessly done. We pointed out several best practices that can mitigate the insecurities.

GLOSSARY

AP: Access Point. Any entity that has station functionality and provides access to the distribution services, via the wireless medium for associated stations.

Association Table: The Association table is within an AP and controls the routing of all packets between the Access Point and the wireless devices in a WLAN.

Basic Service Set: BSS is a collection, or set, of stations that are logically associated with each other and controlled by a single AP. Together, they operate as a fully connected wireless network.

Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID): A 48-bit identifier used by all stations in a Basic Service Set as part of the frame header.

Beacon: A wireless LAN frame broadcast by access points that signals their availability.

Evil Twin Attack. An unauthorized AP whose goal is to masquerade as an existing legitimate/ authorized AP is called an Evil Twin. The evil twin AP is designed and located so that client stations receive stronger signals from it. Legitimate users are lured into the evil twin, and unknowingly give away user IDs and passwords.

Independent BSS: An IBSS is usually an ad-hoc network. In an IBSS, all of the stations are responsible for sending beacons.

IDS: Intrusion detection system.

MITM: Man in the middle. See Section 8.

Service Set Identifier (SSID): All APs and stations within the same wireless network use an identifier that is up to 32-bytes long.

Social Engineering: Social engineering is a term, coined in jest that refers to all non-technical methods of collecting information about a person so that the passwords the person may use can be predicted. The methods of collection range from dumpster diving, analyzing the publicly available information to making phone calls impersonating others.

STA: A wireless station.

WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a shared-secret key encryption system used to encrypt packets transmitted between a station and an AP.

Cross References

The following is a list of other articles in the handbook related to wireless networks. Article numbers are as in the Handbook TOC.

26. Radio Frequency and Wireless Communications Security
27. Propagation Characteristics of Wireless Channels
43. Wireless Local Area Networks
44. Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks
46. Mobile IP (Internet Protocol)
48. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) over Wireless Links
50. Wireless Internet
56. PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)
67. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
68. Wireless Networks Standards and Protocol (802.11)
74. Wireless Information Warfare
142. Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks (mine)
150. Wireless Threats and Attacks
151. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Security
152. Wireless Security
153. Cracking WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

References

John Bellardo and Stefan Savage, "802.11 Denial-of-Service Attacks: Real Vulnerabilities and Practical Solutions", 2003, Usenix 2003 Proceedings. http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/savage/papers/UsenixSec03.pdf Retrieved Jan 20, 2004.
Jon Edney and William A. Arbaugh, Real 802.11 Security: Wi-Fi Protected Access and 802.11i, 480 pages, Addison Wesley, 2003, ISBN: 0-321-13620-9
Jamil Farshchi, Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems, November 5, 2003, http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1742 Retrieved Jan 20, 2004
Bob Fleck and Jordan Dimov, "Wireless Access Points and ARP Poisoning: Wireless vulnerabilities that expose the wired network," October 2001. http://www.cigitallabs.com/resources/papers/download/arppoison.pdf. Retrieved on Jan 20, 2004.
Rob Flickenger, Wireless Hacks: 100 Industrial-Strength Tips & Tools, 286 pages, O'Reilly & Associates, September 2003, ISBN: 0-596-00559-8
Matthew S. Gast, 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, 464 pages, O'Reilly & Associates, April 2002, ISBN: 0596001835.
Vikram Gupta, Srikanth Krishnamurthy, and Michalis Faloutsos, "Denial of Service Attacks at the MAC Layer in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Proceedings of 2002 MILCOM Conference, Anaheim, CA, October 2002.
Chris Hurley, Michael Puchol, Russ Rogers, and Frank Thornton, WarDriving: Drive, Detect, Defend, A Guide to Wireless Security, ISBN: 1931836035, Syngress, 2004.
IEEE, IEEE 802.11 standards documents, http://standards.ieee.org/wireless/ . Retrieved Jan 20, 2004
Tom Karygiannis and Les Owens, Wireless Network Security: 802.11, Bluetooth and Handheld Devices, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-48, November 2002. http://cs-www.ncsl.nist.gov/publications/ nistpubs/800-48/NIST_SP_800-48.pdf . Retrieved Jan 20, 2004
Prabhaker Mateti, TCP/IP Suite, The Internet Encyclopedia, Hossein Bidgoli (Editor), John Wiley 2003, ISBN 0471222011.
Robert Moskowitz, "Debunking the Myth of SSID Hiding", Retrieved on March 10, 2004. http://www.icsalabs.com/html/communities/WLAN/wp_ssid_hiding. pdf.
Bruce Potter and Bob Fleck, 802.11 Security, O'Reilly & Associates, 2002; ISBN: 0-596-00290-4.
William Stallings, Wireless Communications & Networks, Prentice Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0130408646.
War-chalking, http://www.warchalking.org/. Retrieved Jan 20, 2004.
Joshua Wright, "Detecting Wireless LAN MAC Address Spoofing", Retrieved on Jan 20, 2004. http://home.jwu.edu/jwright/

Fw: Pengantar Teknologi Nirkabel BAB III dan IV

2009-02-07T22:26:00.001-08:00

--- On Fri, 2/6/09, erfan rohadi <fan_da@yahoo.com> wrote:

From: erfan rohadi <fan_da@yahoo.com>
Subject: Pengantar Teknologi Nirkabel BAB III dan IV
To: adi_king_07@yahoo.com
Cc: siswanto.mjk@gmail.com, joko_p2007@yahoo.com, ismail_sampang@yahoo.co.id, ario_sa@yahoo.com
Date: Friday, February 6, 2009, 3:21 PM
YTh. Para Mhs.,

Sehubungan dengan datangnya Menkopinfo ke Polinema, Saya mengirimkan materi
perkulihaan tentang Spread Spectrum dan Perangkat infrastruktur LAN Nirkabel.
Silakan dipelajari, pertemuan berikutnya UTS BAB I-BAB IV.
24 Pebruari 2009.

Dosen Pengajar Pengantar Teknologi Nirkabel

presentasi bab  III
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3444594/BABIIIIV.ppt.html

materi
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3444499/BAB3danBab4.doc.html



      

Fw: Pengantar Teknologi Nirkabel BAB III dan IV

2009-02-07T18:27:00.000-08:00

--- On Fri, 2/6/09, erfan rohadi <fan_da@yahoo.com> wrote:

From: erfan rohadi <fan_da@yahoo.com>
Subject: Pengantar Teknologi Nirkabel BAB III dan IV
To: adi_king_07@yahoo.com
Cc: siswanto.mjk@gmail.com, joko_p2007@yahoo.com, ismail_sampang@yahoo.co.id, ario_sa@yahoo.com
Date: Friday, February 6, 2009, 3:21 PM
YTh. Para Mhs.,

Sehubungan dengan datangnya Menkopinfo ke Polinema, Saya mengirimkan materi
perkulihaan tentang Spread Spectrum dan Perangkat infrastruktur LAN Nirkabel.
Silakan dipelajari, pertemuan berikutnya UTS BAB I-BAB IV.
24 Pebruari 2009.

Dosen Pengajar Pengantar Teknologi Nirkabel


      

Fw: Kuliah 67Feb09

2009-02-04T01:27:00.001-08:00

--- On Tue, 2/3/09, ani parastiwi <parastiwi@yahoo.com> wrote:

From: ani parastiwi <parastiwi@yahoo.com>
Subject: Kuliah 67Feb09
To: adi_king_07@yahoo.com, siswanto.mjk@gmail.com, joko_p2007@yahoo.com, ismail_sampang@yahoo.co.id, ario_sa@yahoo.com, endang1a_d3tkj@yahoo.com
Date: Tuesday, February 3, 2009, 6:11 PM

Yth. Mhs TKJ
Karena Politeknik kedatangan Menteri KOMINFO pada hari Sabtu,  dan UAS
mahasiswa reguler di hari Jum'at. Maka Diumumkan kepada  Mahasiswa PJJ-TKJ
bahwa Perkuliahan Tatap Muka pada Hari Jum'at dan Sabtu, 6dan7 Feb 09  diganti
dengan Perkuliahan Media Internet. 
Materi perkuliahan akan dikirim oleh masing-masing dosen ke mahasiswa
koordinator Kota/Kabupaten dan  mahasiswa membahas materi perkuliahan di
ICT-Center. 

Malang, 4Februari2009
Koordinator TKJ
EKOJONO

Catatan: Bagi mahasiswa Kelas III yg sedang mengerjakan Projek Sistem
Informasi, hari Jum'at 6 Feb 09 harap mengumpulkan:
revisi-proposal 
Form Kesediaan Membimbing yang sudah ditanda-tangani 2(dua) dosen pembimbing

untuk mengambil file bisa di download disini:

form pembimbing;          
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3399484/FormPembimbing.doc.html

pengumuman kuliah:
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3399485/PengumumanKuliah67Feb09.doc.html

yang diterima
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3399486/Diterima.xls.html

Fw: Kuliah 67Feb09

2009-02-04T01:14:00.001-08:00

--- On Tue, 2/3/09, ani parastiwi <parastiwi@yahoo.com> wrote:

Yth. Mhs TKJ
Karena Politeknik kedatangan Menteri KOMINFO pada hari Sabtu,  dan UAS
mahasiswa reguler di hari Jum'at. Maka Diumumkan kepada  Mahasiswa PJJ-TKJ
bahwa Perkuliahan Tatap Muka pada Hari Jum'at dan Sabtu, 6dan7 Feb 09  diganti
dengan Perkuliahan Media Internet. 
Materi perkuliahan akan dikirim oleh masing-masing dosen ke mahasiswa
koordinator Kota/Kabupaten dan  mahasiswa membahas materi perkuliahan di
ICT-Center. 

Malang, 4Februari2009
Koordinator TKJ
EKOJONO

Catatan: Bagi mahasiswa Kelas III yg sedang mengerjakan Projek Sistem
Informasi, hari Jum'at 6 Feb 09 harap mengumpulkan:
revisi-proposal 
Form Kesediaan Membimbing yang sudah ditanda-tangani 2(dua) dosen pembimbing

untuk mengambil file bisa di download disini:

form pembimbing;          
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3399484/FormPembimbing.doc.html

pengumuman kuliah:
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3399485/PengumumanKuliah67Feb09.doc.html

yang diterima
http://www.ziddu.com/download/3399486/Diterima.xls.html

2009-02-01T03:30:00.001-08:00

ngeBUX akan membayar anda Rp. 150 / click yang anda lakukan,silahkan login dengan menggunakan form disamping,atau apabila anda belum mempunyai Account di ngeBUX,silahkan Register disini.

Selain itu,anda juga akan dibayar Rp. 25 / refferal click,jadi silahkan anda cari bawahan sebanyak-banyaknya.

Contoh Pendapatan anda :

Anda Klik 25 Iklan / Hari : 150×5 = Rp. 3.750 / hari
Anda Punya 20 Bawahan,masing-masing mengklik 25 iklan : Rp. 12.500 / hari
Pendapatan Perhari : Rp. 16.500
Pendapatan perminggu : Rp. 113.750
Pendapatan Perbulan : Rp. 487.500
Pendapatan Pertahun : Rp. 5.460.000

Itulah pendapatan anda pertahun apabila anda mempunyai 20 bawahan yang masing-masing mengklik 25 iklan / hari..bagaimana apabila anda mempunyai 100 bawahan ? waduh…silahkan hitung sendiri pendapatan anda.

* Kami Tidak Menjamin jumlah iklan.

Apabila uang anda sudah mencapai Rp. 50.000,- anda bisa melakukan withdraw setiap hari.

REGISTER SEKARANG,GRATIS!

Fw: Urgent: Proposal Projek Sistem Informasi

2009-01-27T18:01:00.001-08:00

--- On Tue, 1/27/09, ani parastiwi <parastiwi@yahoo.com> wrote:

From: ani parastiwi <parastiwi@yahoo.com>
Subject: Urgent: Proposal Projek Sistem Informasi
To: adi_king_07@yahoo.com, siswanto.mjk@gmail.com, joko_p2007@yahoo.com, ismail_sampang@yahoo.co.id, ario_sa@yahoo.com
Date: Tuesday, January 27, 2009, 12:33 AM

Yth. Para Mahasiswa  Kelas  III  TKJ
Di
Tempat

Setelah evaluasi  proposal, maka diberitahukan kepada saudara mahasiswa untuk
bisa merevisi Projek SI (PSI) dengan tema sebagai berikut:
MATERI  PROPOSAL  PROJEK SISTEM INFORMASI
Macam Sistem Informasi
1	Sistem Informasi Akademik
2	Sistem Informasi Kepegawaian
3	Sistem Informasi Pemnerimaan Siswa Baru
4	Sistem  Informasi Peminjaman dan Pengembalian Koleksi Perpustakaan
5	Sistem Informasi Kesiswaan
6	Sistem Informasi Pembayaran SPP
Berbasis
1	Berbasis Intranet
2	Berbasis  Internet
3	Berbasis SMS
Jenis  Pengembangan Projek
1	Rancang Bangun
2	Perencanaan dan Pembuatan
Contoh
1.Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Akademik Berbasis Intranet di SMKN Dimana
2.Perencanaan dan Pembuatan Sistem Informasi Kesiswaan Berbasis SMS di SD
ManaSaja

Bagi mahasiswa yg merasa judul PSI belum sesuai dengan yg di atas, mohon segera
membuat revisi proposal PSI paling lambat  Jum'at, 30Jan09 jam 15.00 dan
dikumpulkan di P. Pairi.

TTD - Panitia PSI 
Andriani Parastiwi

Catatan:  Saat ini ada 11 judul yg membuat Website dan semuanya ditolak dengan
alasan skope PSI terlalu luas dan perlu dipersempit.

2009-01-05T17:34:00.000-08:00

Cara Mencari Uang di Internet dengan Kumpulblogger bag.4

Panduan Mendaftar KumpulBlogger

Apa itu Kumpulblogger.com ?
KumpulBlogger adalah Jaringan Blogger Indonesia untuk mendapatkan alternatif penghasilan tambahan, dengan cara menyediakan spot/ruangan pada blognya sebagai tempat menyampaikan pesan komersial dari Advertiser.

Bagaimana saya bisa bergabung ?
Caranya mudah sekali, Daftar saja pada menu SIGN UP, masukkan alamat email kamu pada kotak yang sudah tersedia(Bukan pada account Log In), lalu klik register kemudian check email Kamu. Kamu akan diberikan password untuk Login. Kamu dapat mendaftarkan lebih dari 1 Blog untuk berpartisipasi dalam jaringan Kumpulblogger.com. Kamu akan diberikan script/code untuk dipasang/install pada Blog Kamu. Kamu dapat memantau hasil perkembangan penghasilan Kamu pada website Kumpulblogger.com.

Berapa penghasilan yang akan saya dapatkan ?
Kamu akan dapet Rp.300 jika ada yang meng klik sekali pada iklan Type Text Links (adalah Iklan berupa Text , sedikit keterangan dan Link), dan Rp.350 untuk Type Mini Banner (adalah Iklan berbentuk Banner Ukuran 125 x 125 pixel). Seratus klik pada Type Text Links berarti Rp.30.00, Seribu klik berarti Rp.300.000 dan seterusnya. Dan jangan sekali-kali meng klik iklan yang tampil di blog Kamu sendiri karena Kumpulblogger.com telah mencatat IP address kamu, klik dari IP address yang sama tidak akan diperhitungkan. Jumlah Klik ditentukan dari Unique IP Address Visitor, Materi Iklan yang pernah diKlik dari IP Address yang sama, tidak akan dihitung.

Segala macam pelanggaran diatas memang tidak akan dilakukan banned, hanya saja pelakunya tidak bisa mendapatkan kesempatan mendapatkan rewards apabila diketahui oleh pihak Kumpulblogger.com.

Kapan saya bisa dibayar ?
Pembayaran, apabila revenue Kamu minimal sudah mencapai 10 ribu rupiah, disarankan untuk menggunakan account Bank BCA atau Paypal untuk menerima pembayaran Kamu.

Berikut ini cara memasukkan code Iklan (script iklan) ke dalam blog Kamu :

1. LOG IN dulu di Kumpulblogger.com (sebelum LOG IN kamu harus sudah SIGN UP terlebih dahulu)
2. Pilih Menu "Tambah Blog" (untuk memasukkan data mengenai Blog Kamu)
3. Masukkan seluruh data sesuai dengan Blog Kamu (form ada dibawah)
4. Submit
5. Pilih menu "Script Text Advertising untuk Blog"
6. Lalu pilih bentuk iklan sesuai selera Kamu
7. Copy kode/scrpit tersebut

Jika Kamu ingin menampilkannya di Friendster, tinggal paste aja code tadi di bawah About me: atau di bawah Who I Want to Meet: melalui Edit Profile. Lalu Save.

Jika Kamu menggunakan Wordpress, tinggal paste aja code tadi dengan masuk Widget, lalu add Text, kemudian paste di situ. Lalu Save Changes.

Jika kamu menggunakan Blogger, Pilih menu "tata letak (Lay out)", pilih "tambah gadget" (add page element)" , pilih "HTML" , Paste kode/script tersebut, Kemudian Save.

Setelah semua di Save buka kembali blog atau Friendster Kamu. maka iklan akan secara otomatis muncul kedalam blog Kamu. Hanya tinggal menunggu ada orang yang mengklik iklan tersebut maka pundi-pundi uang akan mengalir!!!

Selamat Mencoba, dan semoga bermanfaat.

2008-11-30T05:43:00.001-08:00

Darkness by PiZero

Features:

Bitmap + Svg Theme
PiZero.net and Flahorn Icon packs included
Fits both portrait and landscape modes Selengkapnya…

Comments (0) : Add Comment

2008-11-30T05:41:00.001-08:00

Xchange R8 v1.2

Xchange R8 is a simple currency convertor. You can choose 3 currencies to be displayed and for the time being you have two WebServices available: Bank of Romania (for my Romanian friends) and Bank of England (for my other friends). Bank of England currency are accessed via the Export Technologies WebService. Selengkapnya…